2.6.1 Einstein's objections to quantum mechanics.2.5.3 Adiabatic principle and action-angle variables.2.4.1 General relativity and the equivalence principle.2.2.1 Thermodynamic fluctuations and statistical physics.
1.10.2 Religious and philosophical views. 1.9.3 World War II and the Manhattan Project. 1.9.2 Resident scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study. Einstein supported the Allies but generally denounced the idea of nuclear weapons. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential German nuclear weapons program and recommending that the US begin similar research. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Einstein, as Jewish, objected to the policies of the newly elected Nazi government he settled in the United States and became an American citizen in 1940. In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. In 1917, Einstein became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics he also became a German citizen again, this time Prussian. In 1914, Einstein moved to Berlin in order to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin. In 1905, he was awarded a PhD by the University of Zurich. In 1901, he acquired Swiss citizenship, which he kept for the rest of his life, and in 1903 he secured a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. In 1897, at the age of 17, he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss Federal polytechnic school in Zürich, graduating in 1900. As a result, he became increasingly isolated from the mainstream of modern physics.Įinstein was born in the German Empire, but moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his German citizenship (as a subject of the Kingdom of Württemberg) the following year. Second, he attempted to devise a unified field theory by generalizing his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism. First, despite his great contributions to quantum mechanics, he opposed what it evolved into, objecting that "God does not play dice". However, for much of the later part of his career, he worked on two ultimately unsuccessful endeavors. He also investigated the thermal properties of light and the quantum theory of radiation, which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory and the motion of molecules. In 1917, he applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe. He then extended the theory to gravitational fields he published a paper on general relativity in 1916, introducing his theory of gravitation. Einstein thought that the laws of classical mechanics could no longer be reconciled with those of the electromagnetic field, which led him to develop his special theory of relativity. These outlined the theory of the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, introduced special relativity, and demonstrated mass-energy equivalence. In 1905, a year sometimes described as his annus mirabilis ('miracle year'), Einstein published four groundbreaking papers. 
His intellectual achievements and originality resulted in "Einstein" becoming synonymous with "genius".
He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. His mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc 2, which arises from relativity theory, has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation". Relativity and quantum mechanics are the two pillars of modern physics. Einstein is best known for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to the development of the theory of quantum mechanics. Albert Einstein ( / ˈ aɪ n s t aɪ n/ EYEN-styne German: ( listen) 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time.
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